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Agata Brzóska, Paweł Swianiewicz. Demand elasticity of local public transport in Polish cities

Uptade from 2.03.2021: Parts of this article were subsequently used in the following publication: Swianiewicz, P., & Brzóska, A. (2020). Demand Elasticity for Local Public Transport in Polish Cities: Do Local Policies Matter?. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 16(61), 125-142

After 1990, the number of local public transport passengers has been systematically decreasing at the expense of individual transport, which led to an increase in traffic congestion and deterioration of air quality in cities. However, for the last few years, a reversal of this trend has been observed in some cities. The article, using the data on the present number and recent changes in the number of passengers in nearly 100 Polish cities, discusses regression models to explain the factors influencing the diversity of demand for public transport services and its dynamics. The independent variables of the model refer both to the characteristics of cities (their socio-economic environment) and the organisation of services (e.g. organisational and legal forms of local transport companies, tariff policies, etc.). The results show that the density of the public transport network is the most significant factor explaining variation of the demand, while the level of ticket prices is almost insignificant. Demand in the largest cities has also recently been on the increase, but the relationship between the demand and the population size of the city is not a linear one.

Agnieszka Bieda. Urban renewal and the value of real properties

The article aims to verify the relationship between the value of real estate and urban renewal. The analysis was conducted for undeveloped land properties traded between 2006 and 2014. In that period, a time trend was set for the real estate from the areas covered by the Local Revitalization Programmes and the areas located in their immediate vicinity. The observed trends of the changes were compared with those occurring at the same time throughout Krakow, as well as in the areas specified in the Urban Revitalization Programme for Krakow as potential revitalization complexes, for which no local revitalization programmes were eventually prepared. In addition, the author analyzed how transaction prices were distributed in space over the specific years. The obtained land value maps were compared with the records of the documents which formed the basis for the urban renewal of Krakow.

Kamil Maciuk, Paweł Biskup. Impact of tramline construction on real estate value

In the study, the impact of tramline construction on changes of apartment prices was investigated. The object of study was Podgórze, i.e. district XIII of Kraków, where a tramline towards Mały Płaszów was built in 2010. The authors used the base of transaction prices from 2008-2013 for apartments located within 500 m of the newly built tramline. Statistical analysis using the multiple regression model showed a 91% coefficient of price determination by the adopted attributes. It was shown that the „communication/transport” attribute explains 27.8% of property values, which gives the average real estate price increase by over PLN 600 per sq. m calculated per unit price after the construction of the new tramline.

Robert Kudłak, Wojciech Kisiała, Jędrzej Gadziński, Wojciech Dyba, Bartłomiej Kołsut, Tadeusz Stryjakiewicz. Socio-economic and spatial determinants of the demand for new cars in Poland

The article seeks to identify socio-economic conditions that affect the demand of individual consumers for cars and to analyze spatial differences in these conditions. To achieve this objective, econometric modelling is conducted. The analysis was conducted in all poviats in Poland and covered the years 2010-2015. The findings show that the demand for new cars is stimulated by incomes of potential consumers and by a net in-migration, while the level of unemployment together with prices of complementary goods (especially petrol prices) negatively affect the demand for cars. Moreover, geographically weighted regression shows that the identified conditions differ across the country, which may explain the noticeable differences in the level of motorization between poviats.

Janina Kotlińska. Municipal property traded on the real estate market

Self-government-owned properties, and especially local ones, are primarily owned by urban and urban-rural communities. Many of them constitute municipal real estate resources and serve the collective needs of both members of the local community and visiting outsiders. These properties need constant budget expenditures (both current and asset-related). Some of them generate income that is a small percentage of total municipal budget revenues. However, the income from their sale can be much higher if the local authority decide to sell it and someone wants to buy it. The interests of both sides do not meet often enough. Not all municipal properties are for sale, and those that are do not always meet buyers’ needs. Very often the value of a property is different in the owner’s and the potential buyer’s opinion. The purpose of the study is to answer the following questions: 1) Do municipal properties have market value and does their sale price reflect their value?, 2) What are the determinants of municipal property price and for what reasons do local authorities decide to sell them?, 3) Are all municipal properties equally attractive to buyers?, 4) What revenues has the sale of municipal real estate generated for municipal budgets in the recent years?

Marika Pirveli. Metropolitan Function versus Globalization Process

This paper describes metropolitan function as an only determinant, which marks out metropolitan area. There are introduced traditional barriers and access (distance, time and price) to the metropolis from the perspective of postindustrial and knowledge-based society. After the debate surrounding the globalization with the standpoint to the Society of the Late Modern Age, there is applied new kind of barrier?access to the metropolitan function, named in the paper as intellectual.

Mikołaj Herbst. Human Capital Formation in Poland. Where Does Educational Quality Come From?

The article was published in Polish in "Studia Regionalne i Lokalne", 3/2004

Theory and empirical literature relate educational quality to two main explanatory factors: family education (intergenerational transfer of human capital) and the quality of schools. The model proposed in this paper is intended to verify the significance of these factors in explaining territorial disparities in educational quality in Poland. The dependent variable is the test score of sixth grade pupils in 2002, averaged at municipality level. The test results prove to be strongly correlated with human capital stock in the municipality`s adult population, which points to the key role of intergenerational transfer for educational quality. On the other hand, the role of school resources (understood as expenditure on education) is rather small. Average test results differ significantly between Poland`s historical divisions. Surprisingly, the more urbanised and relatively affluent regions, like Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), Pomerania (Pomorze) and the so-called Regained Territories (ziemie odzyskane) reveal a substantially lower educational quality than the territories in the east and south-east of the country, generally less developed and with a significant share of agriculture in the economy. These differences can only be partly explained by an additional environmental factor, related to the prevalence of state-owned economy before 1990 (e.g. state farms PGRs) and today`s high structural unemployment. Interestingly, the dissimilarities between the historical regions are not only illustrated by average test score levels, but also by parameters of the determining functions for these results. It can be concluded therefore that location in a historical region has a substantial impact on the flexibility of educational outcomes with regard to different explanatory factors.

Anatolii Kulyk, Olga Shevchenko. Household Expenditures in Cities During the War: Modelling the Estimation Through the Correlation of Housing Rent Costs and Consumer Goods Prices

This article determines the effect of crisis changes on the structure of household expenditures in the following different regions of Ukraine: Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv, Odesa, and Vinnytsia. The study covers the period before the full-scale Russian invasion (2017–2022) and after its onset (2022–2024). We analysed the data through correlation analysis and the Cobb–Douglas consumption function model to determine the structure of expenditures depending on two factors: the cost of housing rental and consumer goods prices. Before the full-scale invasion, we observed a stable positive correlation in most cities between the cost of housing and prices of goods, with changes in one indicator being reflected in the other. After the invasion began in the affected regions (Kharkiv and Odesa), the correlation between prices of goods and the cost of housing rental changed from positive to negative. In the regions that were less affected (Lviv, Vinnytsia, and Kyiv), the correlation remained or grew stronger due to increased demand. This article therefore contributes to understanding consumer behaviour in times of crisis.

Paweł Węgrzyn. Inverted U Confirmed: Spatial Evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Polish NUTS-3 Regions

The primary study objective is to verify the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for greenhouse gas emissions in Poland at the disaggregated Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS)-3 level, accounting for spatial dependencies. The analysis employs a balanced panel of 73 subregions (2005 to 2022) based on the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research and Statistics Poland data. Spatial dependencies were determined using Moran’s and Lagrange multiplier tests, justifying the application of a spatial autoregressive panel model with individual fixed effects. The results offer robust evidence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and emissions. The estimated turning point is about 73,035 PLN (16,592 USD) at the NUTS-3 level in 2022 prices. Urbanisation exerts a positive, statistically significant influence on per capita emissions, whereas household energy consumption indicates a positive, weakly significant influence (p < 0.10). Robustness checks performed at NUTS-2 confirmed the findings, yielding a turning point of 59,704 PLN (13,564 USD), although energy consumption proved statistically insignificant at this aggregated scale. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating spatial spillovers, as neighbouring dynamics shape regional emissions. The results underscore the need for differentiated regional climate policies reflecting spatial and structural disparities across Polish regions.