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Archive

Issue:

4(94)/2023

Christophe Chabrot, Robert Pyka

The Metropolis of Lyon: An Example to Follow by the GZM Metropolis?

The French territorial system is marked by a historical very large communal dispersion. Strangely the French State, although considered very strong, has never managed to impose the merger of these municipalities, as was the case in most other European countries. This resistance of local elected representatives, often also national parliamentarians, then led the central government to use another strategy: their grouping in public institutions of intermunicipal cooperation (EPCI). The creation of the Metropolis of Lyon is, therefore, very original. Created by the law of 27th January, 2014, it is the only “metropolis” with the status of territorial collectivity and merges on its territory the Rhône department and the former “urban community” of Lyon. This metropolis is thus unique in France, and the authors will tend to verify whether it could serve as a model to follow by other metropolises, considering the case of the first institutionalised metropolis in Poland, namely the GZM Metropolis, which is struggling with structural problems. The GZM Metropolis was established in 2017 by the Polish Parliament’s law and provided with a specific governance regime comparable to the “manager and council model” and decision-making based on a double majority of the municipalities and population. After the first five years of functioning, the leaders of this first Polish metropolis seem to be ready to adjust their metropolitan institutions, understanding its limits and searching for inspiration at the international level.

The Metropolis of Lyon: An Example to Follow by the GZM Metropolis?

The French territorial system is marked by a historical very large communal dispersion. Strangely the French State, although considered very strong, has never managed to impose the merger of these municipalities, as was the case in most other European countries. This resistance of local elected representatives, often also national parliamentarians, then led the central government to use another strategy: their grouping in public institutions of intermunicipal cooperation (EPCI). The creation of the Metropolis of Lyon is, therefore, very original. Created by the law of 27th January, 2014, it is the only “metropolis” with the status of territorial collectivity and merges on its territory the Rhône department and the former “urban community” of Lyon. This metropolis is thus unique in France, and the authors will tend to verify whether it could serve as a model to follow by other metropolises, considering the case of the first institutionalised metropolis in Poland, namely the GZM Metropolis, which is struggling with structural problems. The GZM Metropolis was established in 2017 by the Polish Parliament’s law and provided with a specific governance regime comparable to the “manager and council model” and decision-making based on a double majority of the municipalities and population. After the first five years of functioning, the leaders of this first Polish metropolis seem to be ready to adjust their metropolitan institutions, understanding its limits and searching for inspiration at the international level.

Affiliation:
Christophe Chabrot: Law Faculty of Lyon 2 University, 4 bis rue de l’Université, 69365 Lyon, France; ORCID: 0000-0002-2016-3208; christophe.chabrot@univ-lyon2.fr
Robert Pyka: University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Bankowa 12, 40-007 Katowice, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-6690-9207; robert.pyka@us.edu.pl
Dominika Wojtowicz, Anna Baczyńska

The Spatial Patterns of Sustainable Development at the Local Level

Globalisation – characterised by dynamic economic growth, increasing exploitation of the natural environment, and deepening social inequalities – brings negative consequences and is strongly perceptible also in local communities. A new approach to development policy based on the idea of sustainable development must be incorporated into local governments’ strategies, programmes, and actions. We adopted exploratory approach to determine the level and identify the spatial patterns of sustainable development of Polish poviats. The aggregated (synthetic) indicators of economic, social, and environmental development were developed to analyse the spatial patterns of the poviats’ development trends. Our research shows that in Poland there are overwhelmingly more poviats characterised by lower development than those better developed in all three analysed categories. Hierarchical analysis using the Ward’s method revealed that Polish poviats can be divided into three relatively homogeneous clusters in terms of development levels. The largest group consists of poviats characterised by the relatively lowest level of sustainability in economic and social areas, and the highest – by environmental development. Analyses using the Moran method made it possible to determine the so-called spatial regimes of clusters. The captured spatial relationships indicate that selected poviats have a significant impact on the level of development in the neighbouring poviats.

The Spatial Patterns of Sustainable Development at the Local Level

Globalisation – characterised by dynamic economic growth, increasing exploitation of the natural environment, and deepening social inequalities – brings negative consequences and is strongly perceptible also in local communities. A new approach to development policy based on the idea of sustainable development must be incorporated into local governments’ strategies, programmes, and actions. We adopted exploratory approach to determine the level and identify the spatial patterns of sustainable development of Polish poviats. The aggregated (synthetic) indicators of economic, social, and environmental development were developed to analyse the spatial patterns of the poviats’ development trends. Our research shows that in Poland there are overwhelmingly more poviats characterised by lower development than those better developed in all three analysed categories. Hierarchical analysis using the Ward’s method revealed that Polish poviats can be divided into three relatively homogeneous clusters in terms of development levels. The largest group consists of poviats characterised by the relatively lowest level of sustainability in economic and social areas, and the highest – by environmental development. Analyses using the Moran method made it possible to determine the so-called spatial regimes of clusters. The captured spatial relationships indicate that selected poviats have a significant impact on the level of development in the neighbouring poviats.

Affiliation:
Dominika Wojtowicz: Kozminski University, 57/59 Jagiellonska Street, 03-301 Warsaw, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-8433-8935; dominika.wojtowicz@kozminski.edu.pl
Anna Baczyńska: Kozminski University, 57/59 Jagiellonska Street, 03-301 Warsaw, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0001-5189-4487; abaczynska@kozminski.edu.pl
Marta Götz

To Diversify or to Specialise? How to Strike a Balance in a Cluster Profile: A Case Study of the Hamburg Aviation Cluster (HAv), Drawing on Related Variety and Blending Processes

The motivation for this paper comes from the recognition that our understanding of specialisation might be too simplistic and that the dichotomy of specialisation and diversification could be outdated not reflecting the richness of real complex economic and technological relations among industries. Drawing on a qualitative study of the Hamburg Aviation (HAv) cluster, this paper discusses the peculiarities of a cluster profile in the digital time – the age of Industry 4.0 (I4.0), touching upon the issues of cluster structure and the complexity of production, synchronising specialisation with diversification, branching, and bridging, and the I4.0 attributes facilitating complementarity. The final research proposal, which is empirically embedded in the studied context, states that related variety encompassing both ‘specialisation in diversification’ and ‘diversification within specialisation’ can be further developed by a blending process. This can lead to branching and is modulated by the universal character of the I4.0 and a problem-solving attitude. It takes the form of an additive (new entries) or multiplicative (spinoffs) evolution, and, ultimately, owing to the complementarity, it can provide sustainable competitive advantages.

To Diversify or to Specialise? How to Strike a Balance in a Cluster Profile: A Case Study of the Hamburg Aviation Cluster (HAv), Drawing on Related Variety and Blending Processes

The motivation for this paper comes from the recognition that our understanding of specialisation might be too simplistic and that the dichotomy of specialisation and diversification could be outdated not reflecting the richness of real complex economic and technological relations among industries. Drawing on a qualitative study of the Hamburg Aviation (HAv) cluster, this paper discusses the peculiarities of a cluster profile in the digital time – the age of Industry 4.0 (I4.0), touching upon the issues of cluster structure and the complexity of production, synchronising specialisation with diversification, branching, and bridging, and the I4.0 attributes facilitating complementarity. The final research proposal, which is empirically embedded in the studied context, states that related variety encompassing both ‘specialisation in diversification’ and ‘diversification within specialisation’ can be further developed by a blending process. This can lead to branching and is modulated by the universal character of the I4.0 and a problem-solving attitude. It takes the form of an additive (new entries) or multiplicative (spinoffs) evolution, and, ultimately, owing to the complementarity, it can provide sustainable competitive advantages.

Affiliation:
Marta Götz: Vistula University (AFiBV), Stokłosy 3, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; ORCID: 0000-0002-8764-871X; m.gotz@vistula.edu.pl
Janina Kotlińska, Anna Mizak, Anna Krawczyk-Sawicka

Typologizacja polskich regionów w oparciu o wpływ potencjału społeczno-gospodarczego na ich kondycję finansową

Celem opracowania jest zbadanie zależności pomiędzy potencjałem społeczno-gospodarczym a kondycją finansową regionów (województw) w Polsce. Autorki stawiają hipotezę, że istnieje liniowa zależność między potencjałem regionów, przejawiającym się zasobnością i aktywnością gospodarczą osób mieszkających i podmiotów funkcjonujących na ich obszarze, a potencjałem dochodowym tych jednostek samorządowych, a przez to możliwością zaspokajania przez nie potrzeb wspólnoty samorządowej. Na potrzeby analizy wybrano 11 miar z czterech obszarów, oddających społeczny i gospodarczy potencjał regionów, i siedem miar kondycji finansowej, odzwierciedlających strukturę ich dochodów i wydatków budżetowych, jak również wybrane ich wartości w ujęciu per capita. W opracowaniu w związku z powyższym zastosowano metody statystyki opisowej, korelację liniową r-Pearsona i metodę sum standaryzowanych (wskaźnik Perkala) do typologizacji badanych podmiotów.

The Impact of the Socioeconomic Potential of the Regions in Poland on Their Financial Condition as a Typology Criterion

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between the socioeconomic potential and the financial condition of regions (voivodeships) in Poland. The authors hypothesise that there is a linear relationship between the potential of regions, manifested by the wealth and economic activity of people living and entities operating in their area, and the income potential of these local government units, and thus their ability to meet the needs of the local government community. For the purposes of the analysis, eleven measures were selected from four areas, reflecting the social and economic potential of the regions, and seven measures of financial condition, reflecting the structure of their budget income and expenditure, as well as their selected values on a per capita basis. In connection with the above, the study used descriptive statistics methods, linear correlation r-Pearson, and the method of standardised sums (Perkal index) in order to typologise the studied entities.

Affiliation:
Janina Kotlińska: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Instytut Ekonomii i Finansów, Katedra Finansów i Rachunkowości, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Polska; ORCID: 0000-0003-4206-0450; janina.kotlinska@kul.pl
Anna Mizak: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Instytut Ekonomii i Finansów, Katedra Finansów i Rachunkowości, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Polska; ORCID: 0000-0003-1250-0195; anna.mizak@kul.lublin.pl
Anna Krawczyk-Sawicka: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, Instytut Ekonomii i Finansów, Katedra Finansów i Rachunkowości, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Polska; ORCID: 0000-0002-1294-4872; anna.krawczyk-sawicka@kul.pl
Tomasz Kupiec, Dorota Celińska-Janowicz

Praktyka ewaluacji interwencji publicznych w miastach na prawach powiatu

Ewaluacja jest istotnym elementem cyklu polityk publicznych, dostarczającym informacji na potrzeby poprawy efektywności polityk wdrażanych i projektowania przyszłych. W Polsce od co najmniej 15 lat mówi się o potrzebie dyfuzji tej praktyki z pola funduszy strukturalnych do innych obszarów działania państwa. Choć jednym z takich oczywistych kierunków dyfuzji jest samorząd lokalny, to o ewaluacji na tym szczeblu wiadomo bardzo niewiele, a w opracowaniach podsumowujących praktykę ewaluacji w Polsce wątek ten jest w ogóle pomijany. Celem tego badania były oszacowanie skali i charakterystyka praktyk ewaluacji w okresie 2010–2021 w miastach na prawach powiatu. Analizy oparto na udostępnionych przez urzędy miast informacjach o przeprowadzonych badaniach ewaluacyjnych. Z 55 miast, które udało się objąć analizą, 62% realizowało ewaluację i w sumie zrealizowało 469 badań. Zaobserwowano także systematyczny wzrost liczby badań oraz liczby miast je realizujących. Wśród dominujących obszarów tematycznych znalazły się budżet obywatelski, polityka społeczna oraz strategia rozwoju. Zbliżone okazały się udziały badań realizowanych wewnętrznie i zlecanych firmom zewnętrznym. Badania procesów wdrażania interwencji dominują natomiast nad ewaluacjami efektów interwencji. Niniejsze badanie może stanowić punkt wyjścia do dalszych, bardziej szczegółowych analiz organizacji procesu ewaluacji i jej wykorzystania w samorządzie lokalnym.

Public Interventions Evaluation Practice in Cities with County Status

Evaluation is an important element of the public policy cycle, providing information for improving the effectiveness of implemented policies and designing future ones. In Poland, the need for the diffusion of this practice from the field of structural funds to other public policy fields has been discussed for at least 15 years. Although one such obvious direction of diffusion is local government, very little is known about evaluation at this level, and in studies summarising the general evaluation practice in Poland, this strand is omitted. The aim of this study was to assess the extent and characteristics of evaluation practices in the period 2010–2021 in cities with county [Pol. powiat] status. The analysis was based on the information on evaluation studies provided by city halls. Out of the 55 cities that were included in the analysis, 62% carried out evaluations and they completed a total of 469 studies. A systematic increase in the number of studies and the number of cities carrying them out was also observed. The dominant thematic areas were civic budgeting, social policy, and development strategy. The shares of studies carried out internally and those commissioned from external companies turned out to be similar. In contrast, studies of intervention implementation processes dominate over evaluations of intervention effects. This research can serve as a starting point for further, more detailed analyses of the organisation of the evaluation process and its use in local government.

Affiliation:
Tomasz Kupiec: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Centrum Europejskich Studiów Regionalnych i Lokalnych (EUROREG), ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warszawa, Polska; ORCID: 0000-0002-6469-7746; tomasz.kupiec@uw.edu.pl
Dorota Celińska-Janowicz: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Centrum Europejskich Studiów Regionalnych i Lokalnych (EUROREG), ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warszawa, Polska; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels Institute for Social and Population Studies (BRISPO), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Bruksela, Belgia; ORCID: 0000-0002-0101-7475; d.celinska@uw.edu.pl
Kamil Nowak

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie sytuacji mieszkaniowej w procesie przemian demograficznych

W artykule dokonano syntetycznej oceny zróżnicowania sytuacji mieszkaniowej w polskich gminach w kontekście zachodzących przemian demograficznych. Ponadto przedstawiono w nim autorską metodę badań typologicznych łączących mierniki dotyczące sytuacji mieszkaniowej i demograficznej dla wszystkich 2477 gmin w Polsce według stanu na koniec 2021 r. Zakres badania obejmował lata 2011–2021. W artykule zidentyfikowano, że zarówno miejskie obszary funkcjonalne, jak i gminy nadmorskie miały odrębną specyfikę w zakresie sytuacji mieszkaniowej i demograficznej, w mniejszym stopniu takie zjawisko dotykało gmin górskich. Wskazano również, że brak podejścia zorientowanego terytorialnie w Narodowym Programie Mieszkaniowym utrudnia kształtowanie krajowej polityki mieszkaniowej w sposób dostosowany do lokalnych i regionalnych uwarunkowań.

The Spatial Differentiation of the Housing Situation in the Process of Demographic Changes

The article presents a synthetic assessment of the diversity of the housing situation in Polish communes in the context of ongoing demographic changes. In addition, it presents an original method of typological research combining measures of the housing and demographic situation for all 2,477 communes in Poland as at the end of 2021. The scope of the study covered the years 2011–2021. The article identified that both functional urban areas and coastal municipalities have their own specificity in terms of housing and demographic situation, to a lesser extent this phenomenon affects mountain municipalities. It was also pointed out that the lack of a place-based policy in the National Housing Program makes it difficult to shape the national housing policy in a manner adapted to local and regional conditions.

Affiliation:
Kamil Nowak: Obserwatorium Polityki Miejskiej i Regionalnej, Instytut Rozwoju Miast i Regionów, ul. Targowa 45, 03-728 Warszawa; ORCID: 0000-0003-2339-5407; knowak@irmir.pl
Igor Ksenicz

Upamiętnienia partnerstw zagranicznych w krajobrazie polskich gmin. Przypadek powiatu gnieźnieńskiego

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja zagadnienia upamiętnień partnerstw zagranicznych gmin obecnych w przestrzeni publicznej. Jako studium przypadku wybrano gminy powiatu gnieźnieńskiego. Autor poddał wstępnej weryfikacji następującą hipotezę: mimo że współpraca zagraniczna jest nieobowiązkowym i drugorzędnym zadaniem gmin, ich władze upamiętniają ją jako manifestację swoich ambicji międzynarodowych. Bazę źródłową stanowiły: dane zastane, wywołane dane bezpośrednie (informacje z urzędów gmin), a także dokumentacja fotograficzna wykonana podczas wyjazdów terenowych. Zidentyfikowane upamiętnienia przyjęły różne formy: tablic powitalnych na wjeździe do gminy, pomników oraz nazwy placu. Ustanowiono je w ważnych dla gmin lokalizacjach. W przypadku jednego z pomników doszło do przeniknięcia się dyplomacji państwowej i paradyplomacji.

 

Errata

Na stronie 113 treść przypisu nr 28 powinna brzmieć:
„Na terenie gminy Witkowo oraz sąsiednich gmin Powidz i Strzałkowo zlokalizowana jest 33 Baza Lotnictwa Transportowego.” 
zamiast:
„Na terenie gminy Witkowo, we wsi Powidz zlokalizowana jest 33 Baza Lotnictwa Transportowego.”

Commemorating Foreign Partnerships in the Landscape of Polish Municipalities: The Case of the Gniezno District

The aim of the article is to depict the issue of commemorating foreign partnerships of municipalities present in the public space. The municipalities of the Gniezno district were selected as a case study. The author initially verified the following hypothesis: although foreign cooperation is an optional and secondary task of municipalities, their authorities commemorate it as a manifestation of their international ambitions. The source base was: secondary data, first-hand sources (information from town halls), as well as photographic documentation made during field trips. The identified commemorations took various forms: welcome boards at the entrance to the municipality, monuments, and the name of the square. They were established in locations important to the municipalities. In the case of one of the monuments, state diplomacy and paradiplomacy merged.

Affiliation:
Igor Ksenicz: Instytut Kultury Europejskiej UAM, ul. Kostrzewskiego 5-7, 62-200 Gniezno, Polska; ORCID: 0000-0002-5286-0040; igor.ksenicz@amu.edu.pl
Roman Szul

Richard Higgott, States, Civilisations and the Reset of World Order, Routledge, New York 2022, 165 s.
Affiliation:
Roman Szul: Centrum Europejskich Studiów Regionalnych i Lokalnych (EUROREG) Uniwersytet Warszawski
Andrzej Miszczuk

Roman Szul, Dynamika imperiów-cywilizacji a system światowy, Polskie Towarzystwo Geopolityczne, Kraków 2022, 271 s.
Affiliation:
Andrzej Miszczuk: Katedra Polityki Gospodarczej i Regionalnej, Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie
Maciej J. Nowak

Jerzy Hausner, Michał Krzykawski (red.), Gospodarka i entropia. Jak wyjść z polikryzysu?, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 2023, 437 s.
Affiliation:
Maciej J. Nowak: Katedra Nieruchomości, Wydział Ekonomiczny, Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie