W artykule przedstawiono klasyfikację gmin w Polsce, dzieląc gminy w wymiarze przestrzennym na zurbanizowane i niezurbanizowane. Przedstawiono rozkład przestrzenny gmin zurbanizowanych i ich podstawowe charakterystyki. Klasyfikację wykonano za pomocą analizy skupień k-średnich danych przestrzennych pochodzących z baz danych Corine Land Cover. Porównanie klasyfikacji administracyjnej i klasyfikacji opartej na danych o pokryciu terenu w gminach w Polsce wskazuje istnienie największych różnic w obszarach funkcjonalnych miast oraz wzdłuż dynamicznie rozwijających się szlaków komunikacyjnych w zakresie identyfikacji terenów miejskich pod względem sposobu użytkowania terenu.
The main objective of this paper is to discover the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and regulatory conditions of doing business on economic growth of different economies, particularly in terms of the combined co-effect of the two mentioned factors. An econometric cluster model using the k-means method is developed. 172 economies were distributed between clusters based on three parameters: 1) rates of GDP growth for individual economies in 2020, as provided by the World Bank; 2) the World Bank Doing Business rating for 2020; and 3) the COVID-19 pandemic factor that is represented by the total accumulated number of cases officially fixed per 100,000 of population, as provided by the World Health Organization. The study proves that the COVID-19 pandemic appeared to be a substantial factor of economic growth for the vast majority of economies, which is reflected by the drop in their GDP even despite favourable conditions of doing business in some countries. Substantial compensating reciprocal influences are observed between the set of doing business factors and the COVID-19 pandemic factor.
Globalisation has led to the dominance and geographical expansion of urban areas. Companies consider a complex set of criteria when deciding on their locations, including the agglomeration area and the presence of similar companies or related businesses. This study examines the spatial distribution and industrial clustering of companies within the agglomeration of Győr, Hungary’s sixth-largest city. The sample comprises 256 companies across 68 settlements, with data processed through map, quadrat and industry analysis. The analyses identified six settlements within the agglomeration where nearly half of the companies are located, five factors that seem to facilitate company location, and five main industrial sectors, four of which are closely related. The article concludes that the agglomeration area of Győr is characterised by a high degree of spatial concentration of companies, industrial clustering and the emergence of industry sub-centres.