The following article presents the results of a study investigating employment of private and non-governmental organisations in Polish municipalities as providers of versatile public services and the resulting nature of the relationship among the latter. The passing of legislation that requires or allows delivering public services through non-public entities triggered the development of a contract culture in municipalities. The resultant relationship may be either of a competitive (mainly technical services market) or cooperative (social services) nature. The research findings support the hypothesis that larger municipalities have better developed processes of contracting public services.
It is expected that people from all over the world will visit Ukraine after its victory in the war against Russian aggression, turning Ukraine into a world-popular tourist destination. Hence, Ukrainian egislation on tourism must be improved in the post-war period. The authors analysed the current legislation on tourism in Ukraine and identified major problems that must be addressed systematically and those that should be settled in the post-war period in view of the post-war humanitarian, socio-economic, institutional, and cultural challenges. In this context, the authors proposed a set of changes to improve Ukraine’s legislation on tourism on the national and institutional levels. Such changes should positively impact other socio-economic processes of reconstruction in post-war Ukraine.
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja samorządu terytorialnego w Gruzji. Wśród państw postsowieckich, które nie są członkami UE, Gruzja może się pochwalić największym zaawansowaniem w reformowaniu władz lokalnych i regionalnych. Nie oznacza to jednak, że proces decentralizacji został zakończony. Hamują go przede wszystkim brak dochodów własnych samorządów oraz ograniczenia natury politycznej. W celu oceny stanu rozwoju samorządu terytorialnego w Gruzji autor dokonał przeglądu ustawodawstwa oraz analizy komunikatów prasowych, danych statystycznych i raportów eksperckich. Posłużył się również studium przypadku byłego burmistrza Tbilisi Gigiego Ugulawy.
The research analyses a range of analytical materials of Ukrainian and international experts in business, economy, finance, etc., and the data of sociological surveys of the representatives of Ukrainian businesses regarding the entrepreneurship development trends in Ukraine in conditions of martial law. The analysis of these resources has revealed a substantial negative impact of the war on the export of goods and services from Ukraine, the falling sales volumes, the reducing staff of enterprises, problems with labour remuneration, and the preservation of panic in the business environment. However, there is a substantial risk that the hostilities do not end in the short run. Therefore, the authors analyse the opportunities for the creation of a specific business environment in Ukraine under martial law with the view to develop a policy directed at securing economic resilience as well as the maintenance of the country’s economic capacity. The risks and threats of doing business in Ukraine in the context of adopted amendments to legislation in conditions of war are examined. The priority steps for the elimination of possible threats of falling business activity are outlined.