This article examines the potential risks of permanent population loss in Ukraine on account of Russian military actions dating back to 2014, which has hindered the ability of the stronghold territorial communities to recover. It outlines the context of displacement in Ukraine over the past eight years, assesses displaced people’s direct needs and considers both national and local policies to meet them. Finally, it forecasts factors that will impact the reluctance of displaced persons to return to the stronghold territories and details the necessary national and local responses.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest eksploracyjna analiza przestrzennej alokacji środków na kapitał ludzki na poziomie lokalnym w Polsce. W szczególności analiza ta dotyczy przestrzennej dystrybucji środków Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki (POKL 2007–2013). Kolejne etapy badania obejmują: ekstrapolację na poziom lokalny (gminny) zastosowanego w POKL algorytmu podziału funduszy między regiony; porównanie alokacji bazującej na danych sprzed rozpoczęcia programu z analogiczną alokacją tych samych środków w oparciu o wskaźniki z okresu po zakończeniu programu (metoda „przed–po”); porównanie intencjonalnej alokacji środków POKL z obserwowaną, faktyczną absorpcją funduszy na poziomie lokalnym w latach 2007–2015. Analiza przeprowadzona w niniejszym artykule dowodzi, że ostateczny efekt alokacji POKL na szczeblu lokalnym nie jest prostym „przedłużeniem” rządowej wizji podziału wyrażonej za pomocą algorytmu. Absorpcja środków w ujęciu per capita była bardzo zróżnicowana między gminami w ramach poszczególnych województw, przy czym niekoniecznie więcej środków trafiło do obszarów szczególnie obciążonych strukturalnie (w rozumieniu rządowego algorytmu). Analiza „przed–po” prowadzi do wniosku, że w badanym okresie dysproporcje rozwojowe w wymiarze terytorialnym uległy pogłębieniu. Dotyczy to zarówno rosnącego dystansu między wschodnią i zachodnią Polską, jak i zapaści rozwojowej obszarów tzw. wewnętrznych peryferii.
Autor wskazuje na różne sposoby definiowania sprawiedliwości społecznej w kategoriach równości wyników lub równości szans, argumentując, że w ujęciu terytorialnym uzasadnione jest dążenie do wyrównywania szans poprzez ograniczenie wykluczenia społecznego, a nie minimalizowanie regionalnych dysproporcji w poziomie życia. Polemizuje z tezą Roberta Perdała i in. (2020), że preferencje polityczne mieszkańców Ziem Zachodnich i Północnych oraz wyborców zamieszkujących Polskę wschodnią i południowo-wschodnią wynikają z różnic w poziomie lub współczesnej dynamice rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego i odpowiadają podziałowi na rdzeń i peryferie, wskazując, iż to właśnie regiony północne i zachodnie cechuje najwolniejszy rozwój gospodarczy i nasilenie negatywnych zjawisk społecznych.
The article is devoted to the reform of local self-government and territorial organisation of power in Ukraine, which took place in 2014–2020, combining three important tasks: improving the system of public authority, strengthening local self-government, and streamlining the administrative-territorial system in the state. The analysis conducted in the study concerns: the main problems to be addressed by the relevant reform; the chronology of the adoption of key regulations and their role in this process; the results of the amalgamation of territorial communities; and the communities’ ability to ensure the sustainable development of territories. As a result, the article highlights the stages of the implementation of the reform of local self-government and territorial organisation of power in Ukraine, as well as outlines several unresolved issues in this area.
The accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant was one of the largest in human history. It is often referred to as a global event because its effects were felt not only by Ukrainians but also by the populations of Belarus, Russia, Central Europe, the Balkans and the Scandinavian Peninsula. 2022 marked the 36th anniversary of this terrible occurrence, when the history of Ukraine in the late twentieth century was divided into two parts: before the tragedy of 26 April 1986, and after it.
Today, it is important for Ukrainian society not only to recognise the significance of the catastrophe and remember its victims but also to find ways to overcome its grave consequences. This requires comprehensive research useful for developing new approaches to minimising the environmental and socio-demographic problems caused by the Chornobyl tragedy. Thus, this research has practical scientific, humanitarian and socio-political significance. The novelty of the obtained results lies in the study’s critical rethinking of the achievements of predecessors and its analysis of historical sources concerning the environmental and socio-demographic consequences of the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant as they manifested from 1986 to 2022.
The methodological basis of the work is empirical cognition. The use of logical-analytical methods of grouping and typology allows us to classify homogeneous events and coherently present the material of the article. The study additionally uses comparative judgment, historical-statistical and problem-chronological methods. The principles of objectivity and impartiality also play an important role in the work.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the consequences of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident on the environmental and socio-demographic aspects of the population of Ukraine from 1986 to 2022 based on the identified set of sources. From a historical perspective, the level of pollution in the territories of Ukraine is traced, the demographic situation is monitored, and parallels are drawn between the Chornobyl disaster and the increase in incurable diseases and mortality.
In conclusion, the authors note that although 36 years have passed, the echo of this catastrophe remains tangible for the population of Ukraine. Several issues still must be solved. The first is the return to life, namely, the safe living and management of areas that have been exposed to radiation contamination, as well as the continuation of work aimed at restoring agricultural soils. Second, purposeful work must be conducted by the state to minimise social and demographic problems resulting from the Chornobyl catastrophe. In our opinion, the government should increase expenditures aimed at providing quality medical services to the population of Ukraine, as well as conduct constant monitoring of the health of those people who are at high risk in order to better detect diseases in their early stages.
These groups of people include liquidators of the consequences of the accident and migrants. Such measures can stabilise the demographic situation by increasing birth rates and reducing mortality, as well as improve the health and living standards of the population of Ukraine.
The article is devoted to determining the specifics of war injuries among people of various ages living in the deoccupied Kyiv and Kharkiv regions of Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to determine the residents’ traumatic experience in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The direct effects of PTSD concern intimate relationships such as marriage, social interactions, decreased productivity, and decreased resilience. This study shows that PTSD symptoms are more common for respondents over fifty years of age, who have deficit of social resources. It has been proven that the severity of PTSD symptoms in the residents of the deoccupied Kharkiv region is statistically significantly lower than the symptoms of the residents of the de-occupied Kyiv region, which is due to the longer occupation and more pronounced joy from liberation. Therefore, the appearance of PTSD symptoms in a more delayed period is likely.
The article examines the key points of creating eco-industrial parks in the Lviv region and reforming existing industrial parks according to the principles of circular and green economy. The intensive increase in the number of industrial enterprises in the Lviv region is due to the active relocation of enterprises from the war zone of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to justify the feasibility of creating eco-industrial parks in the Lviv region according to the principles of circular and green economy. The authors recommend the principles of selecting industrial enterprises in the territories of industrial parks, taking into account industrial symbiosis. As part of research cooperation, we conducted and researched the stages of the design, construction, and development of industrial parks in the Lviv region of Ukraine. Practical recommendations have been developed and proposed for the creation and implementation of the production of environmentally-friendly products with further processing and the secondary cycle of waste use in order to reduce the use of natural resources and environmental pollution, and increase the socioeconomic development of the western region of Ukraine.
The article reveals topical issues regarding the consequences, possibilities of operation, and the restoration of tourism in the post-war territories of Ukraine in the conditions of military aggression of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study was to analyse the organisation of tourist activities under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. The article highlights preliminary data on the losses of the tourism industry in Ukraine as well as analyses and systematises specific examples of damaged natural and cultural-historical heritage on the territory of Ukraine. The peculiarities of the functioning of the subjects of the tourism industry in the conditions of the war in Ukraine are evaluated and the essence of the post-war territories is indicated. Directions for saving tourist activity in the post-war territories of Ukraine as a result of the military actions of the aggressor country are proposed. The proposals indicated in this work will be useful to all Ukrainian communities whose tourism industry has suffered great losses as a result of the military aggression. It will also be useful for representatives of the tourism industry of other countries who want to prevent, if possible, the destructive effects of war.