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1(87)2022

Darina Dvornichenko

Assessing the Correlation Between Women’s Civic Engagement and Elected Political Participation: A Case Study of Six Polish Cities

This paper focuses on the link between women’s civic engagement and elected political participation. The first part presents the theoretical aspects of both concepts – i.e. civic engagement and political involvement – and combines them with another category, namely the descriptive representation of women. The second part of the paper is devoted to the methodology of the present research, which consists of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative research examines the composition of six city councils in Poland (Wrocław, Kraków, Gdańsk, Łódź, Lublin, and Poznań) as well as city mayorships after the last elections (2018). The results confirm a positive correlation between women’s elected political participation and women’s civic engagement. The qualitative research, based on 11 semi-structured interviews, aims at explaining why the civic sector is dominated by women, even though politics still remains men’s domain. Another objective is to identify particular obstacles that prevent female civic activists from further engagement in politics. Specific recommendations for mitigating the identified obstacles and increasing the number of women in politics are provided.

Assessing the Correlation Between Women’s Civic Engagement and Elected Political Participation: A Case Study of Six Polish Cities

This paper focuses on the link between women’s civic engagement and elected political participation. The first part presents the theoretical aspects of both concepts – i.e. civic engagement and political involvement – and combines them with another category, namely the descriptive representation of women. The second part of the paper is devoted to the methodology of the present research, which consists of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative research examines the composition of six city councils in Poland (Wrocław, Kraków, Gdańsk, Łódź, Lublin, and Poznań) as well as city mayorships after the last elections (2018). The results confirm a positive correlation between women’s elected political participation and women’s civic engagement. The qualitative research, based on 11 semi-structured interviews, aims at explaining why the civic sector is dominated by women, even though politics still remains men’s domain. Another objective is to identify particular obstacles that prevent female civic activists from further engagement in politics. Specific recommendations for mitigating the identified obstacles and increasing the number of women in politics are provided.

Afiliacja:
Darina Dvornichenko: National University ‘Odessa Maritime Academy’; Department of Maritime Law, Didrikhsona St, 8, Odesa, Odessa Oblast, Ukraine, 65000; darina.dvornichenko@gmail.com
Borce Trenovski, Gunter Merdzan, Filip Peovski

Municipal Revenue Determinants in the South-Eastern European Economy: Evidence from North Macedonia

Sustainability of municipal finance implies steady revenue generation. Pinpointing their determinants creates the necessary background in their management and policy creation. Great municipal dependence on central government finance remains a serious challenge in the process of fiscal decentralisation. So far, studies have been focusing on the expenditure side, while revenues were treated mostly marginally. A random-effects Generalized Least Squares (GLS) panel regression for the period of 2015–2019 is estimated for targeting revenue determinants of municipalities in North Macedonia. Own and total tax revenues are modelled separately through the impact of capital expenditures, salary expenditures, active transparency index, municipality type, and local government’s ideology. The general results indicate that capital expenditure, municipal transparency, and the level of development are significant determinants of municipal revenues in both estimated models. Using such knowledge on municipal revenue reactions can help governments formulate policies that provide sustainable and effective fiscal decentralisation, lowering the pressure on central governments in developing economies.

Municipal Revenue Determinants in the South-Eastern European Economy: Evidence from North Macedonia

Sustainability of municipal finance implies steady revenue generation. Pinpointing their determinants creates the necessary background in their management and policy creation. Great municipal dependence on central government finance remains a serious challenge in the process of fiscal decentralisation. So far, studies have been focusing on the expenditure side, while revenues were treated mostly marginally. A random-effects Generalized Least Squares (GLS) panel regression for the period of 2015–2019 is estimated for targeting revenue determinants of municipalities in North Macedonia. Own and total tax revenues are modelled separately through the impact of capital expenditures, salary expenditures, active transparency index, municipality type, and local government’s ideology. The general results indicate that capital expenditure, municipal transparency, and the level of development are significant determinants of municipal revenues in both estimated models. Using such knowledge on municipal revenue reactions can help governments formulate policies that provide sustainable and effective fiscal decentralisation, lowering the pressure on central governments in developing economies.

Afiliacja:
Borce Trenovski: Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje, Blvd. Goce Delcev 9-v, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia; ORCID: 0000-0002-3630-9486; borce.trenovski@eccf.ukim.edu.mk
Gunter Merdzan: Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje, Blvd. Goce Delcev 9-v, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia; ORCID: 0000-0002-1894-9623; gjunter.merdzan@eccf.ukim.edu.mk
Filip Peovski: Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Economics – Skopje, Blvd. Goce Delcev 9-v, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia; ORCID: 0000-0002-7988-7403; peovski@eccf.ukim.edu.mk
Abdul Nadjib, Oemar Madri Bafadhal, Anang Dwi Santoso

Social Capital, Bureaucratic Neutrality, and Regional Head Election in Indonesia

Civil servants are frequently described as being separate from politicians in good local governance. Regrettably, civil servants are urged to assist in the maintenance of power through the use of social capital. In Indonesia, decentralisation facilitates the accumulation of social capital. However, a body of literature has established that social capital is a predictor of the bureaucracy’s quality. This study delves into something else by examining how social capital fosters a mutually beneficial relationship between the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) and the incumbent, resulting in the ASN’s non-neutrality in Regional Head Elections (Pilkada). We used a qualitative case study approach, within which we interviewed members of the civil apparatus about social capital and its relationship to the performance of the State Civil Apparatus. The findings indicated that the ASN’s lack of neutrality in the Pilkada occurred as a result of the establishment of social capital relations between superiors and the ASN in the form of information channel relationships (paternalism and/or nepotism culture), obligations and expectations (the ASN’s contribution to the incumbent), norms and effective sanctions (superiors’ invitation), as well as adjusted community organisations (weak community control).

Social Capital, Bureaucratic Neutrality, and Regional Head Election in Indonesia

Civil servants are frequently described as being separate from politicians in good local governance. Regrettably, civil servants are urged to assist in the maintenance of power through the use of social capital. In Indonesia, decentralisation facilitates the accumulation of social capital. However, a body of literature has established that social capital is a predictor of the bureaucracy’s quality. This study delves into something else by examining how social capital fosters a mutually beneficial relationship between the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) and the incumbent, resulting in the ASN’s non-neutrality in Regional Head Elections (Pilkada). We used a qualitative case study approach, within which we interviewed members of the civil apparatus about social capital and its relationship to the performance of the State Civil Apparatus. The findings indicated that the ASN’s lack of neutrality in the Pilkada occurred as a result of the establishment of social capital relations between superiors and the ASN in the form of information channel relationships (paternalism and/or nepotism culture), obligations and expectations (the ASN’s contribution to the incumbent), norms and effective sanctions (superiors’ invitation), as well as adjusted community organisations (weak community control).

Afiliacja:
Abdul Nadjib: Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia; Jl. Raya Palembang – Prabumulih Km. 32 Indralaya, OI, Sumatera Selatan 30662; ORCID: 0000-0001-5173-597X; abdulnadjib@fisip.unsri.ac.id
Oemar Madri Bafadhal: Department of Communication Science, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia; Jl. Raya Palembang – Prabumulih Km. 32 Indralaya, OI, Sumatera Selatan 30662; ORCID: 0000-0002-5790-249X; oemarmadribafadhal@fisip.unsri.ac.id
Anang Dwi Santoso: Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia; Jl. Raya Palembang – Prabumulih Km. 32 Indralaya, OI, Sumatera Selatan 30662; ORCID: 0000-0002-0595-268X; anang.d.santoso@gmail.com
Marcin Wajda

Alokacja środków na programy regionalne – analiza i ocena propozycji zawartych w projekcie Umowy Partnerstwa dla realizacji polityki spójności 2021–2027 w Polsce

Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy i oceny alokacji środków z polityki spójności, przeznaczonych na poszczególne programy regionalne w perspektywie finansowej Unii Europejskiej 2021–2027. Poza środkami z Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego i Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego Plus analizie poddano również środki z Funduszu Sprawiedliwej Transformacji, dystrybuowane w ramach programu Fundusze Europejskie dla Sprawiedliwej Transformacji, oraz środki z programu Fundusze Europejskie dla Polski Wschodniej. Przeanalizowano również proponowaną alokację środków finansowych dla poszczególnych regionów w kontekście dotychczasowych doświadczeń zdobytych w trakcie wdrażania programów regionalnych w Polsce. Przeprowadzona analiza potwierdziła zmniejszenie w perspektywie 2021–2027 znaczenia programów regionalnych w kształtowaniu polityki rozwoju regionów ze względu na zmniejszenie puli rozdzielanych środków.

The Allocation for Regional Programmes – Analysis and Assessment of the Proposals Contained in the Draft of Partnership Agreement for the Implementation of the Cohesion Policy 2021–2027 in Poland

The aim of the paper is to analyse the allocation of resources from the Cohesion Policy provided to individual regional programmes in the European Union’s 2021–2027 financial scheme. In addition to the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund Plus funds, funds from the Just Transition Fund distributed under the European Funds for Just Transition programme, as well as funds from the European Funds for the Eastern Poland programme were also analysed. The analysis covers the proposition of allocation of funds to regions in the context of the experience gained so far in Poland in the implementation of regional programmes. The carried out analysis confirmed the decrease in the importance of regional programmes in shaping the Regional Development Policy in the 2021–2027 perspective due to the reduction in allocation.

Afiliacja:
Marcin Wajda: Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Katedra Skarbowości, ul. Wiśniowa 41, 02-520 Warszawa; mwajda@sgh.waw.pl
Maria Bednarek-Szczepańska

Siła protestu w grze o przestrzeń. Wpływ społeczności lokalnej na decyzje środowiskowe dla obiektów hodowli i chowu zwierząt

Planowane wielkoskalowe obiekty hodowli/chowu zwierząt (tzw. fermy) są często przedmiotem protestów społeczności lokalnych ze względu na uciążliwości, które generują. Do aktywnego udziału mieszkańców dochodzi na wczesnym etapie procesu inwestycyjnego, jakim jest postępowanie w sprawie wydania decyzji środowiskowej, gdy określa się lokalizację i cechy fermy. W artykule poddano analizie 52 przypadki postępowań w sprawie ustalenia środowiskowych uwarunkowań realizacji takich obiektów, w których miały miejsce udokumentowane protesty mieszkańców. Celem artykułu jest ustalenie jak – pod wpływem protestujących mieszkańców – przebiegają postępowania środowiskowe w sprawie obiektów hodowli/chowu zwierząt i czy ostatecznie zostają ustalone środowiskowe uwarunkowania realizacji niechcianych inwestycji. Przedstawiono wypowiedzi protestujących mieszkańców, odwołując się do kategorii wiedzy w procesie decyzyjnym (Glicken 1999, 2000; Edelenbos 2011). Badanie pokazało, że pomimo obowiązującej zasady mówiącej o tym, że sprzeciw społeczny nie może być podstawą odmowy ustalenia środowiskowych uwarunkowań, protestujący mieszkańcy pośrednio wpływają na ostateczny, najczęściej negatywny wynik oceny środowiskowej. Blokując realizację niechcianych inwestycji, mają rzeczywisty wpływ na kształtowanie przestrzeni lokalnej.

The Power of Protest in the Game for Space: The Impact of a Local Community on Environmental Decisions for Animal Farms

Planned large-scale animal farms are often the subject of protests by local communities due to the nuisance they generate. The active participation of local residents occurs at an early stage of the investment process, namely the proceedings for issuing an environmental decision, because it is at this stage that location and characteristics of the facility are determined. The article analyses 52 cases of proceedings to set the environmental conditions for the construction of animal farms in which there were documented protests of local residents. The aim of the paper is to determine the course of environmental proceedings for animal farms under the influence of residents’ protests, as well as to determine whether environmental conditions are eventually established. The statements of protesting residents are presented by means of references to the category of knowledge in decision-making (Glicken 1999, 2000; Edelenbos 2011). The study showed that despite the binding rule that public opposition cannot be the basis for refusing to set environmental conditions, the protesting residents indirectly influence the final, usually negative, result of the environmental impact assessment. By blocking the realisation of unwanted investments, they have a real impact on the shaping of the local space.

Afiliacja:
Maria Bednarek-Szczepańska: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN im. S. Leszczyckiego, ul. Twarda 51/55; 00-818 Warszawa; bednarek@twarda.pan.pl
Mariusz E. Sokołowicz

Wartościowanie niejednoznacznego dziedzictwa modernizmu w mieście na przykładzie stacji kolejowej Warszawa Ochota

Jeśli dziedzictwo architektoniczne w miastach jest rozpoznawalne dla szerokiej rzeszy odbiorców, nie budzi zastrzeżeń co do swojej wartości. Jeśli jednak architektura wzbudza kontrowersje, jest relatywnie młoda lub kojarzy się z trudną przeszłością, jej wartościowanie bywa niejednoznaczne. W rozstrzyganiu kontrowersji mogą pomóc niekonwencjonalne metody wartościowania, ułatwiające decydentom podejmowanie trafniejszych decyzji. Artykuł prezentuje propozycję wartościowania modernistycznej warszawskiej stacji kolejowej WKD Ochota. Łączy analizę kosztów i korzyści z tzw. panelem delfickim. Przeprowadzone na potrzeby artykułu badanie ujawniło, że tego rodzaju architektura, choć niejednoznaczna, przez społeczność lokalną traktowana jest jako wartościowa nie tylko w wymiarze ekonomicznym, lecz też społecznym i kulturowym.

Valuating the Ambiguous Heritage of Modernism in Cities Based on the Case of the Warsaw Ochota Train Station

If architectural heritage in cities is recognisable for the masses, it does not raise doubts as to its value. However, if the architecture is controversial, relatively young, or can be associated with a problematic legacy and difficult past, its valuation raises ambiguities. Unconventional valuation methods can help resolve these uncertainties, making it easier for local decision-makers to make sounder decisions. This paper presents a proposal for valuing Warsaw’s modernist WKD Ochota train station, using a combination of cost-benefit analysis and a Delphi panel. The study carried out for the purposes of this article revealed that such architecture, although ambiguous, is treated by the local community as valuable not only in economic terms, but also in social and cultural terms.

Afiliacja:
Mariusz E. Sokołowicz: Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny, Instytut Gospodarki Przestrzennej, Katedra Gospodarki Regionalnej i Środowiska, ul. Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej 3/5, 90-255; mariusz.sokolowicz@uni.lodz.pl
Grzegorz Gorzelak

Marek Szymaniak, Zapaść. Reportaże z mniejszych miast, Wydawnictwo Czarne, Wołowiec 2021, 253 s.
Afiliacja:
Grzegorz Gorzelak: Centrum Europejskich Studiów Regionalnych i Lokalnych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Euroreg, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warszawa