Since the very beginning of their establishment, municipalities, counties and regions (voivodeships) have been struggling with financial problems. Unfortunately, these problems affect the performance of the tasks assigned to these administrative units, including the standard of provided services and investment activities. Although extensive, the scale of the unsatisfied needs in LGUs varies between individual units, including municipalities. Thus, the positive financial results (the balance at the closure of the fiscal year) achieved by local government units in Poland in the recent years, as well as their future, offer an intriguing topic of research. The purpose of this paper is to identify the causes that: 1) underpin the re-evaluation of the LGU goals (from the implementation of the local government mission to achieving a budget surplus), and 2) allow the positive result of the LGU budget to finance goals other than investment-related ones. In order to achieve this, the study covers and illustrates, using the empirical data from the years 2007-2016, the types of possible LGU budget results, LGU activities that could contribute to the closure to LGU budgets with a positive result, directions of using budget surpluses and the so-called uncommitted funds, as well as local governments’ debt in terms of the intergenerational solidarity concept of its repayment and its perceived optimal structure.
It is expected that people from all over the world will visit Ukraine after its victory in the war against Russian aggression, turning Ukraine into a world-popular tourist destination. Hence, Ukrainian egislation on tourism must be improved in the post-war period. The authors analysed the current legislation on tourism in Ukraine and identified major problems that must be addressed systematically and those that should be settled in the post-war period in view of the post-war humanitarian, socio-economic, institutional, and cultural challenges. In this context, the authors proposed a set of changes to improve Ukraine’s legislation on tourism on the national and institutional levels. Such changes should positively impact other socio-economic processes of reconstruction in post-war Ukraine.
Jako cel artykułu przyjęto określenie zakresu i systematyzację współczesnej redefinicji czynników rozwoju regionalnego zachodzącej pod wpływem uwarunkowań globalnych. Postępowanie badawcze objęło trzy etapy: (1) syntetyczne uporządkowanie podstaw teoretycznych oraz przemian koncepcji czynników rozwoju regionalnego; (2) przedstawienie wyników ustaleń określających kierunek i zakres oddziaływania współczesnych megatrendów procesów rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego na przemiany czynników rozwoju regionalnego oraz (3) zasadniczy etap analizy dotyczący identyfikacji i charakterystyki specyfiki zmian sposobu i zakresu postrzegania czynników rozwoju regionalnego odbywających się w konsekwencji współczesnych uwarunkowań globalnych.
The military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which started in 2014 and came to another active phase in February 2022, may change Ukraine’s foreign trade in terms of both its geography and product structure. The regions of Ukraine will not only have to recover from the consequences of destruction, but also to seek new directions of foreign economic activity and build connections with reliable partners such as the European Union and the United States. The paper presents an analysis of changes in the foreign trade of Ukraine and its regions since 2014 and examines shifts in trade flows in the direction of Western leaders of global trade. The case of Georgia, another target of Russian military intervention, in the reorientation of its trade flows, is also considered.
The results of this study substantiate and compare the trends observed in the global labour market and the corresponding trends in the Ukrainian labour market in 2017–2022. With regard to the annual trend specification, this study has established the extent to which the Ukrainian labour market participants focus on the key areas of its development and has identified the problematic aspects that hinder the socio-economic recovery of the country. These findings have important implications for substantiating the course for the strategic development of the Ukrainian labour market, which should form the base for enhancing both life quality for the population and the socio-economic growth of the country.
The article studies determinants influencing the socially-vulnerable population of Ukraine in the period of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The research encompasses three directions: first, the study of the current number of socially vulnerable groups of the population within the boundaries of the Carpathian area; second, the study and analysis of the determinants influencing the number of socially-vulnerable groups of the population; third, the investigation of the degree of the determinants’ impact on the number of the socially-vulnerable population within the Carpathian area. The authors of the work have shaped five groups of determinants influencing socially-vulnerable population, namely national, administrative, economic, demographic, and social ones. The research confirms that before the war started in Ukraine, the number of socially-vulnerable population had been reducing both in the country and within the Carpathian area. In particular, in 2001–2021, the number of vulnerable groups of the population reduced by 23% in Ukraine, in the Chernivtsi region – by 24.5%, in the Ivano-Frankivsk region – by 10%, in the Transcarpathian region – by 8.6%, and in the Lviv region – by 6.1%. The situation has changed since the war started. Based on the conducted calculations, it is determined that the greatest impact on the socially-vulnerable population is created by the national and economic determinants, whilst the smallest one – by the demographic determinants, whereas the last ones depend on the geographic position of the region. It is also confirmed by calculations of the radar of determinants influencing socially-vulnerable population. During the Russo-Ukrainian War, the greatest impact of the determinants on socially-vulnerable population is marked in the Lviv region.
Praca ma dwa cele: 1) rozpoznanie dominujących zarzutów kierowanych w skargach do sądów administracyjnych odnośnie do studiów uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego gmin, ocena ich zasadności i skuteczności oraz klasyfikacja podmiotów wnoszących skargi; 2) wykazanie, że zdarzenia orzecznicze są powiązane ze zróżnicowaniem gmin, tj. ich charakterem (morfologią, funkcjami społeczno-gospodarczymi itp.) oraz cechami rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Przeanalizowano wszystkie wydane w latach 2010–2019 wyroki wojewódzkich sądów administracyjnych dotyczące skarg na studia gminne (531). Problemem okazuje się niedookreślony przez ustawodawcę zakres ustaleń studiów, co jednak nie wpływa na stopień skuteczności podważania tych aktów przez właścicieli nieruchomości. Wykazano też wysoką koncentrację skarg w miastach wojewódzkich i ich strefach podmiejskich.
The development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has caused numerous problems in traditional labour markets, occurring both at the national level and the level of individual regions of the country. However, breakthrough technologies of the recent decade have initiated new forms of labour organisation, mainly digital jobs and the formation of a digital labour market, which contributes to solving the problems mentioned above. The paper’s goal is to assess the readiness of the economy of Ukraine and its regions for forming a digital labour market to determine promising strategic directions for its development. The findings justify the significant prospects for developing the digital labour market in Ukraine at the national and regional levels. Also, they determine the priority types of digital jobs in selected regions as well as form the methodological basis, information, and analytical base of the organisational and economic mechanism for managing its development.
This paper examines the role of educational support in social entrepreneurship development in Poland and Ukraine based on comparative case studies and a computer-assisted web interviewing method. The research investigates cross-country and cross-institutional differences in education concerning social entrepreneurship. The paper considers the different levels of social entrepreneurship education in primary and secondary school, university, and non-formal education. It is established that students at all levels of education should have an entrepreneurial mindset, which is a prerequisite for sustainable development. The key directions for developing education regarding social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are identified.
W artykule przeanalizowano problem opóźnień w sporządzaniu miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego w polskich gminach. Wykorzystano dane z corocznej ankiety wysyłanej do samorządów i realizowanej we współpracy Ministerstwa Rozwoju i Technologii oraz GUS. Na tej podstawie określono kategorie gmin, w których w największym stopniu można zidentyfikować zbyt długotrwałe prace planistyczne (określone w artykule jako opóźnienia w sporządzaniu planów) oraz wyodrębniono główne powody dłuższego czasu takich prac. Stwierdzono brak zróżnicowań terytorialnych w tym zakresie. Podstawowe zróżnicowanie wiąże się z liczbą ludności gmin, tj. im większa pod tym względem gmina, tym opóźnienia są również większe. Z wywiadów bezpośrednich uzyskanych z 16 gmin (na 68 powyżej 50 tys. mieszkańców, w których zidentyfikowano największą liczbę opóźnień w sporządzaniu planów) wynika, że do głównych powodów opóźnień można zaliczyć problemy związane z konsultacjami społecznymi i uzgodnieniami projektów planów, zmieniające się przepisy prawne oraz braki kadrowe w urzędach gmin. W artykule wskazano, w jakim zakresie problemy te wiążą się z szerszymi problemami polskiego systemu planowania przestrzennego. Zaproponowano również dalsze kierunki badawcze.
Artykuł stanowi badanie porównawcze studiów uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego sześciu największych miast Polski pod kątem sposobu strefowania wewnątrz poszczególnych ośrodków. Ze względu na brak szczegółowych przepisów w tym zakresie miasta te wypracowały własną metodykę strefowania. Autorzy studiów w wyznaczaniu stref kierują się trzema przesłankami: funkcjonalną, morfologiczną i administracyjną, przy czym poszczególne przesłanki w różnym stopniu determinują sposoby wyznaczania stref w badanych miastach.
The article will consider various approaches to defining the essence of cultural and ethnic tourism, and analyse the important aspects of the proposed approaches. The importance of preserving cultural heritage at the level of international organisations is emphasised. The policy of the European Union regarding cultural and ethnic tourism is characterised. The distribution of museums by profile and regions in Ukraine in 2021 is presented. The losses suffered by museums during the military invasion of Russia into Ukraine were assessed. The SWOT analysis was performed to determine the directions of the development of cultural and ethnic tourism of Ukraine in the post-war period. Strategic directions for the development of cultural and ethnic tourism in Ukraine are proposed. Models of state regulation of the sphere of cultural and ethnic tourism are analysed. A set of tools is proposed that will ensure the effectiveness of the functioning of cultural and ethnic tourism. Open-air museums are characterised as a way of preserving tangible and intangible heritage. The distribution of open-air museums by regions of Ukraine has been made. It is proposed that tasks be solved for the full use of open-air museums in the field of cultural and ethnic tourism in Ukraine, taking into account the task of protecting cultural heritage objects from destruction during martial law.
The article reveals topical issues regarding the consequences, possibilities of operation, and the restoration of tourism in the post-war territories of Ukraine in the conditions of military aggression of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study was to analyse the organisation of tourist activities under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. The article highlights preliminary data on the losses of the tourism industry in Ukraine as well as analyses and systematises specific examples of damaged natural and cultural-historical heritage on the territory of Ukraine. The peculiarities of the functioning of the subjects of the tourism industry in the conditions of the war in Ukraine are evaluated and the essence of the post-war territories is indicated. Directions for saving tourist activity in the post-war territories of Ukraine as a result of the military actions of the aggressor country are proposed. The proposals indicated in this work will be useful to all Ukrainian communities whose tourism industry has suffered great losses as a result of the military aggression. It will also be useful for representatives of the tourism industry of other countries who want to prevent, if possible, the destructive effects of war.