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Archiwum

Numer:

2(88)/2022

Paweł Swianiewicz

Kręte ścieżki reform decentralizacyjnych w Ukrainie

Artykuł przedstawia historię reform decentralizacyjnych w Ukrainie od początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX stulecia do końca 2021 r., ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem reformy terytorialno-administracyjnej przeprowadzonej w latach 2015–2020. Poziom autonomii samorządów lokalnych w Ukrainie odnoszony jest do stworzonego na podstawie identycznej metodologii  wskaźnika autonomii lokalnej w innych krajach europejskich.

The Switchbacks of Decentralisation Reforms in Ukraine

The article presents the history of decentralisation reforms in Ukraine beginning with the last decade of the 20th century until the end of the year 2021, with a special focus on the territorial-administrative reform implemented in 2015–2020. The level of local autonomy in Ukraine is compared to the local autonomy index in other European countries, which was created on the basis of the same methodology.

Afiliacja:
Paweł Swianiewicz: Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu, Instytut Gospodarki Przestrzennej, Zakład Studiów Społeczno-Ekonomicznych, ul. Grunwaldzka 55, 50-357 Wrocław; ORCID: 0000-0002-1890-6738; pawel.swianiewicz@upwr.edu.pl
Serhii Horbliuk, Oleh Brovko

The Territorial and Decentralization Reform in Ukraine (2014–2020)

The article is devoted to the reform of local self-government and territorial organisation of power in Ukraine, which took place in 2014–2020, combining three important tasks: improving the system of public authority, strengthening local self-government, and streamlining the administrative-territorial system in the state. The analysis conducted in the study concerns: the main problems to be addressed by the relevant reform; the chronology of the adoption of key regulations and their role in this process; the results of the amalgamation of territorial communities; and the communities’ ability to ensure the sustainable development of territories. As a result, the article highlights the stages of the implementation of the reform of local self-government and territorial organisation of power in Ukraine, as well as outlines several unresolved issues in this area.

The Territorial and Decentralization Reform in Ukraine (2014–2020)

The article is devoted to the reform of local self-government and territorial organisation of power in Ukraine, which took place in 2014–2020, combining three important tasks: improving the system of public authority, strengthening local self-government, and streamlining the administrative-territorial system in the state. The analysis conducted in the study concerns: the main problems to be addressed by the relevant reform; the chronology of the adoption of key regulations and their role in this process; the results of the amalgamation of territorial communities; and the communities’ ability to ensure the sustainable development of territories. As a result, the article highlights the stages of the implementation of the reform of local self-government and territorial organisation of power in Ukraine, as well as outlines several unresolved issues in this area.

Afiliacja:
Serhii Horbliuk: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Educational and Scientific Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service, Department of Regional Policy; Akadmika Romodanova str. 12/2, 04050, Kyiv, Ukraine; ORCID: 0000-0002-5031-2497; serhii.horbliuk@gmail.com
Oleh Brovko: Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics, Department of International Relations, Political Science and Practical Philosophy; prosp. Nauky 9-a, 61166 Kharkiv, Ukraine; ORCID: 0000-0001-9186-4194; olehbrovko@gmail.com
Rostyslav А. Kаliuzhnyj, Yevhen O. Bytyrin, Liudmyla A. Shapenko, Yaroslav V. Zhuravel, Alona A. Lukashenko

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Local Government Reform in Ukraine and Other Countries: A Comparative Legal Analysis

Decentralisation in Ukraine is an important factor in the development of a democratic system of government. The reform of local self-government aims to create new relations between citizens, local authorities, and the state. The aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the local government reform in Ukraine and other countries in order to identify its main advantages and disadvantages as well as indicate ways to overcome the existing shortcomings in this area. The study determined that decentralisation in the country leads to democratic transformations of society based on civic initiative and responsibility, as well as provides a decent standard of living and quality services at the local level. The introduction of decentralisation can be observed in almost all areas, including administrative, political, financial, and social. This significantly affects the potential of the population and increases the responsibility of public authorities to the population. There is an increase in the level of public services with regard to economic, legal, political, social, and ethnic issues. Finally, proposals were made to make changes in the field of local self-government in order to overcome the existing problems in this area.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Local Government Reform in Ukraine and Other Countries: A Comparative Legal Analysis

Decentralisation in Ukraine is an important factor in the development of a democratic system of government. The reform of local self-government aims to create new relations between citizens, local authorities, and the state. The aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the local government reform in Ukraine and other countries in order to identify its main advantages and disadvantages as well as indicate ways to overcome the existing shortcomings in this area. The study determined that decentralisation in the country leads to democratic transformations of society based on civic initiative and responsibility, as well as provides a decent standard of living and quality services at the local level. The introduction of decentralisation can be observed in almost all areas, including administrative, political, financial, and social. This significantly affects the potential of the population and increases the responsibility of public authorities to the population. There is an increase in the level of public services with regard to economic, legal, political, social, and ethnic issues. Finally, proposals were made to make changes in the field of local self-government in order to overcome the existing problems in this area.

Afiliacja:
Rostyslav А. Kаliuzhnyj: National Aviation University, Department of Theory and History of State and Law, Faculty of Law, 03058, 1 Lubomyr Husar Ave., Kyiv, Ukraine; ORCID: 0000-0001-8701-6774; kalyuzhnyy8165@acu-edu.cc
Yevhen O. Bytyrin: South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushinsky, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 65000, 26 Staroportofrankivska Str., Odessa, Ukraine; ORCID: 0000-0003-3915-4026; bytyrin8165@edu-knu.com
Liudmyla A. Shapenko: National Aviation University, Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Faculty of Law, 03058, 1 Lubomyr Husar Ave, Kyiv, Ukraine; ORCID: 0000-0001-7351-641X; shapenko8165@edu.cn.ua
Yaroslav V. Zhuravel: Academy of Labor, Social Relations and Tourism, Faculty of Law, 03187, 3A Kiltseva Road, Kyiv, Ukraine; ORCID: 0000-0003-4975-5650; zhuravel8165@neu.com.de
Alona A. Lukashenko: National Academy of Internal Affairs, Department of Public Management and Administration, 03035, 1 Solomjanska Sq., Kyiv, Ukraine; ORCID: 0000-0002-7623-9144; lukashenko8165@sci-univ.com
Anna Gralewska

Tamed Ugliness: The Problems of Shaping and Appreciating the Aesthetics of Polish Urban Spaces

This article is an attempt to compile the existing knowledge from many fields about the aesthetics of Polish urban space: the conditions of its creation, its perception, and the problems it currently faces, of which a pressure for absolute aestheticisation appears to be the most dangerous. Through a multidisciplinary literature review as well as an analysis of public discourse and interviews with experts, the author attempts to answer the question about why there is such a large discrepancy in the assessment of the aesthetics of urban spaces in Poland, as well as how this is influenced by cultural, legal, administrative, and historical conditions.

Tamed Ugliness: The Problems of Shaping and Appreciating the Aesthetics of Polish Urban Spaces

This article is an attempt to compile the existing knowledge from many fields about the aesthetics of Polish urban space: the conditions of its creation, its perception, and the problems it currently faces, of which a pressure for absolute aestheticisation appears to be the most dangerous. Through a multidisciplinary literature review as well as an analysis of public discourse and interviews with experts, the author attempts to answer the question about why there is such a large discrepancy in the assessment of the aesthetics of urban spaces in Poland, as well as how this is influenced by cultural, legal, administrative, and historical conditions.

Afiliacja:
Anna Gralewska: Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, University of Gdansk, ul. Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309 Gdańsk; ORCID: 0000-0001-5796-2006; gralewska.anna@gmail.com
Łukasz Olejnik

Dotacje inwestycyjne z rządowych funduszy wsparcia dla samorządów 2019–2021. Polityczna alokacja zasobów?

Artykuł zawiera pogłębioną analizę podziału środków w ramach Funduszu Dróg Samorządowych (FDS), Rządowego Funduszu Inwestycji Lokalnych (RFIL), Programu 100 Obwodnic oraz Programu Inwestycji Strategicznych pod kątem możliwej politycznej alokacji zasobów. Wykazano, że w przypadku wszystkich programów za wyjątkiem Programu 100 Obwodnic gminy rządzone przez polityków Zjednoczonej Prawicy dostawały dotacje istotnie częściej lub przekazywane im dotacje były większe. W przypadku RFIL skala faworyzowania tych gmin była znaczna. By wyniki oszacowań uwzględniały zróżnicowanie między gminami, w badaniu wykorzystano liczne zmienne kontrolne.

Investment Grants from Central Government Funds to Local Governments of 2019–2021: An Alignment Bias?

This article contains the in-depth analysis of the distribution of funds from the Road Development Fund (RDF), the Local Government Investment Fund (LGIF), the 100 Bypass Road Programme, and the Strategic Investment Fund for possible alignment bias. It was demonstrated that in the case of every fund except the 100 Bypass Road Programme, municipalities ruled by the United Right received government grants significantly more often, or received higher grants. In the case of the LGIF, the scope of favouring was meaningful. To make the results robust, a set of control variables was used.

Afiliacja:
Łukasz Olejnik: Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie, Instytut Rozwoju Gospodarczego, ul. Madalińskiego 6/8, 02-513 Warszawa; ORCID: 0000-0002-4250-961X; lolejn@sgh.waw.pl
Bartosz Czepil

Wykorzystanie II transzy Rządowego Funduszu Inwestycji Lokalnych jako instrument polityki klientelistycznej rządu wobec samorządu w perspektywie doświadczeń z województwa opolskiego

Celem artykułu jest analiza rozdziału środków z II transzy Rządowego Funduszu Inwestycji Lokalnej (RFIL) w województwie opolskim oraz debaty w tym regionie wokół zarzutów o klientelistycznym rozdziale funduszu. Według pierwszej z hipotez samorządy rządzone przez mniejszość niemiecką nie są traktowane jako politycznie neutralne i wobec tego mogą być narażone na dyskryminację w alokacji funduszu. Według drugiej specyfika lokalnego układu sił politycznych w województwie, charakteryzująca się niskim poziomem upartyjnienia, daje politykom regionu związanym z rządem możliwość podważania tezy o klientelistycznym rozdziale RFIL. Badania pokazały, że samorządy mniejszości niemieckiej mają mniejsze szanse na uzyskanie wsparcia, w porównaniu z samorządami bezpartyjnymi. Wyodrębniono również pięć sposobów kontrargumentowania wobec tezy klientelistycznej stosowanych przez polityków regionu związanych z partią rządzącą.

Utilising the 2nd Instalment of the Central Government Fund for the Local Investments as an Instrument of Clientelistic Politics Towards the Local Government from the Perspective of Experiences of the Opolskie Voivodeship

The purpose of this article is to analyse both the allocation of the financial support from the 2nd instalment of the CGFLI in the Opolskie Voivodeship and the debate in this region over accusations of the clientelistic allocation of this fund. According to the first hypothesis, the local governments affiliated with the German minority are not treated as politically neutral; therefore, they might be vulnerable to discrimination in allocation of the fund. The second hypothesis claims that the peculiarity of the local political patterns in the voivodeship, which is characterised by the low level of partisanship, gives the ruling party’s regional politicians the opportunity to undermine the thesis on clientelistic distribution of the CGFLI. The research has shown that the local governments affiliated with the German minority have a lower chance of getting financial support when compared to the non-partisan ones. Additionally, the study has distinguished five modes of counter-arguing against the thesis on clientelism, employed by the ruling party politicians of the region.

Afiliacja:
Bartosz Czepil: Uniwersytet Opolski, Instytut Nauk o Polityce i Administracji, Katedra Studiów Regionalnych, ul. Katowicka 89, 45-061 Opole; ORCID: 0000-0003-4907-795X; bczepil@uni.opole.pl
Justyna Orchowska

„W ogóle autobusu nie widać”. Życie na obszarach wykluczenia transportowego

Kwestia wykluczenia transportowego w Polsce jest coraz częściej podnoszona przez polityków, publicystów i organizacje pozarządowe. Problem nasilił się w okresie pandemii COVID-19 wobec zmniejszenia liczby tras i częstotliwości kursowania autobusów i kolei. Krajowy dorobek naukowy dotyczący wykluczenia transportowego jest niewystarczający. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą poszerzenia wiedzy w tym zakresie. Celem jest ukazanie różnych aspektów wykluczenia transportowego z perspektywy mieszkańców. Uwzględniono trzy płaszczyzny tego zjawiska: ograniczony dostęp do publicznych środków transportu, ograniczenia przestrzenno-czasowe oraz trudności w uczestnictwie w ważnych instytucjach społecznych. Artykuł opiera się na studiach przypadku trzech miejscowości w województwie mazowieckim: Ostrowi Mazowieckiej, Żuromina i Tczowa. Badanie realizowano w 2021 r. za pomocą wywiadów pogłębionych oraz analizy danych zastanych. Na podstawie opinii i spostrzeżeń mieszkańców powyższych miejscowości przedstawiono społeczne konsekwencje ograniczonego dostępu do połączeń autobusowych i kolejowych.

“You Cannot See the Bus at All”: Life in the Areas of Transport Exclusion

The issue of transport-related exclusion in Poland is increasingly being raised in the public debate. This problem intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the reduction in the number of routes and the frequency of buses and trains. However, in Poland, the scientific literature on this subject is still insufficient. This article attempts to broaden our knowledge on this topic. The main objective of the paper is to show, from the perspective of the residents, various aspects of transport-related exclusion. Three dimensions of this phenomenon are considered: limited access to public transport, spatial and temporal limitations, and the inability to participate in important social institutions. The article is based on three case studies in the Masovian Voivodeship, namely from Ostrów Mazowiecka, Żuromin, and Tczów. The research was carried out in 2021 through the use of two methods: an analysis of secondary resources and individual in-depth interviews. Based on the opinions and observations of the residents of the above-mentioned towns, this article presents the social consequences of limited access to bus and train connections.

Afiliacja:
Justyna Orchowska: Uniwersytet Warszawski, Centrum Europejskich Studiów Regionalnych i Lokalnych (EUROREG), ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927 Warszawa; ORCID: 0000-0001-8207-8490; jkoscinska@uw.edu.pl
Roman Szul

Andrzej Miszczuk, Magdalena Miszczuk: Lokalna polityka gospodarcza w Polsce. Uwarunkowania – instytucje – instrumenty, Norbertinum, Lublin 2021, 260 stron
Afiliacja:
Roman Szul: Uniwersytet Warszawski Centrum Europejskich Studiów Regionalnych i Lokalnych (EUROREG)